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Years of war, rise in terrorism led to the current Israel-Hamas conflict, experts say_我的网站

A |     The origin of the bloody conflict happening in Gaza and Israel is complicated given the long, disputed history of the region, according to experts who have spent decades studying the region.As the attacks continue in both countries, the experts fear that any attempts at truly achieving peace between the Palestinians and Israelis may have been pushed back heavily.Susannah Heschel, the chair of the Jewish Studies Program at Dartmouth University, who has written several books about this region, told ABC News that the conflicts run deep and as far back as the Middle Ages, but specifically, the most modern clashes have stemmed from the fallout of the 1967 Arab-Israeli war.

On ABC News Live at 8:30 pm on Thursday, Oct. 12, ABC News' James Longman, Matt Gutman and Ian Pannell look at the horrendous toll from Hamas' massacre, the Israelis and Palestinians caught in the middle and what comes next.

The war, known in Israel as the Six-Day War, ended with Israel gaining control of several territories, including the Gaza Strip, and that has led to the violence and political fallout that has befallen the area currently, Heschel, the school's Eli M. Black Distinguished Professor of Jewish Studies, said."What we are seeing today is the consequence of that war, or how the various parties to that war …responded to the end," she told ABC News.Following its battles with Egypt, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan, Israel touted its swift victory and new territory, which included lands with long historical significance to Israeli Jews, Heschel, who is teaching a course on the war this semester, said.At the same time, Israel had to deal with an influx of Arabs who now lived under its control, and the retaliation from the neighboring countries who still disputed Israel's claims over the land, she said."The question is, was that victory in fact in some way not a victory? Because the consequence of it was an enormous headache for Israel," Heschel said.Israel has been the target of several military excursions by the nations in that war, particularly Egypt, to try and regain some of that land including during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War, known in Israel as the Yom Kippur War. Egypt would eventually regain the Sinai Peninsula in 1982, following an agreement it signed with Israel three years prior.Gaza, however, remained under Israeli control and tensions continued to flare between Palestinians and Israelis who had begun constructing settlements in the region.The tensions came to a turning point in 1987 during the First Intifada, or "uprising," when Palestinians started to violently rebel against Israeli forces and civilians. It was during this time that Hamas emerged and began to stage violent strikes against Israeli forces.Chuck Freilich, a former deputy national security adviser in Israel and long-time senior fellow at Harvard's Kennedy School, told ABC News that Hamas' stance is simply to "wipe Israel off the map," and it has suppressed anyone within the Palestinian community who doesn't adhere to that."It's not a question of recognition," he said.By the time the Intifada ended in the early 90s, over 1,000 people had been killed, and Gaza was left in ruin from the fighting.Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization would eventually agree to the Oslo Accords in 1993 which granted Palestinians the right to self-government.Heschel said the treaty was a good start but leaders on both sides could have done more to decrease the tensions and violence.Freilich said that the Palestinian Authority, which governed Gaza and continues to govern the West Bank, did try to crack down on terrorism alongside the Israeli government, but it was not always successful and groups like Hamas continued to incite and inflict violence on Israel.In 2000, a Second Intifada began, and hundreds more were hurt and killed in the violent protests. Five years later, the Israeli government voted to withdraw from Gaza and then-Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon expelled 9,480 Jewish settlers from 21 settlements from the region."That withdrawal of the Jewish settlements left some Israeli Jews with the resentment that inflames them to this day," Heschel said.A 2006 election where Hamas became Gaza's leading party has led to increased violence, and a decline in economic resources for its people, as Israel and other nations cut off support. Israel and Egypt imposed a blockade on the coastal strip, which continues to this day."It's unfortunate that Hamas came into power. It's not supported by the majority of the people," Heschel said.Hamas, which contends it is resisting Israel’s oppression of Palestinians, continued to attack Israel in the subsequent years with rockets, kidnappings and other violence leading to major military action by Israel in 2008, 2012, and 2014."It's part of a long-term campaign to repeatedly weaken Israel with conflict after conflict," Freilich said.Freilich added that the recent turmoil within the Israeli government, from its multiple elections in the last six years to the recent turmoil over the changes to its judicial changes, have left Israeli leaders fractured."Their attention was diverted…and we saw the results on Saturday," he said.Last week's attack by Hamas that has killed over 900 Israeli citizens and wounded over 2,300 was unprecedented and puts the region in "uncharted territory," Heschel said.This is the first time in 50 years that civilians were attacked on Israeli soil and it will only lead to more devastation and destruction for both sides, according to the professor."What Hamas did was not to the benefit of the people of Gaza," Heschel said. "Everyone knows, anybody knows and Hamas certainly knew, that in attacking Israel and inflicting so much destruction and murder on Israeli civilians that there would be retaliation."Heschel and Freilich said that it is impossible to determine the long-term ramifications of Hamas' attack and Israel's retaliation, but said that both sides will be living in fear as the violence escalates."To even think that Israel would think at this point that Israel would include a peace process with [Hamas] is totally unrealistic," Freilich said.Even though emotions are high and there is still violence likely to continue for the foreseeable future, Heschel, insisted that Israeli and Palestinian leaders needed to push back against Hamas and its influence and really take time to work out the decades-festering issue over the land."Let's…try to think in clear terms about what we can do for the future so that things can get better," she said. "What's the strategy? Not the strategy for the moment but the strategy for 10, 20, 30 years from now. How can we get there?"。    近日，浙二医院门诊部大厅人头攒动，上城区小营巷社区银龄服务中心的陪诊师焦晋平穿梭其间，手里拿着一沓病历和检查单。他身边是77岁的周大伯，步子慢，表情却比从前轻松许多。两个月前，焦晋平还是培训班里的一名学员，如今手上的绿色小本本，让他成了周大伯的“临时家人”——这是老人第一次有专业的人陪着走进医院。“怕的不是生病，是生病时没人陪着”周大伯2018年查出胃癌，化疗后医生要求每年复查。“以前是老伴陪我去医院，楼层多、科室杂，有时检查还要跑到别的楼，我们感到晕头转向，而且体力消耗也很大。”周大伯说，现在老伴身体也不好，他一个人心里没底，这次还要查心血管方面的问题，该挂哪个科都拿不准。社工上门了解到情况后，通过社区银龄服务中心把对接单派到焦晋平手里。“接单后，先要充分了解老人的既往病史和过敏情况，再与医院的医务社工对接。有些老人讲方言，在面诊时医生听不懂，我们就要充当翻译。”焦晋平和浙二医院的“广济之舟”志愿者对接，判断应该先挂全科门诊，于是用自己的手机帮周大伯挂了号。就诊当天，医院的志愿者早早等在大厅。一楼取号、二楼量血压、四楼等叫号——社区陪诊师全程陪同，医院志愿者流程引导，分工清清楚楚。“我只需要坐在休息区，取号、候诊、检查，小焦都帮我安排好，医嘱也一项项告诉我，再也不怕转头就忘。”周大伯感慨地说，“像小焦这样的陪诊师，太有必要了。

B | ”小营巷是典型的杭州老社区，60岁以上老人占比达37%，其中80岁以上的高龄老人813人，空巢、独居老人221人。社区经过调研发现，许多老人居家养老，小病在社区医院能看，可术后复查、专科诊治必须跑大医院。社区党委书记曹琛不止一次听见老人叹气：“要是有人搭把手就好了。”这句话像钉子一样扎在曹琛心里。今年初，她决心把陪诊助老这件事“做起来”。“陪诊不只是跑腿干活，还是给人安心”“陪诊师不是没有门槛——不仅要熟悉医院流程，细心耐心，还要懂基础医疗、急救和心理疏导。”曹琛介绍，社区联合公益组织“杭州亲情为老服务中心”，推出首期免费陪诊培训，并依托周边三甲医院资源，如与浙二医院“广济之舟”志愿者团队深度联动，实现社区持证陪诊师与院内志愿者无缝接力。第一批60名学员里，有刚毕业的大学生、想重返职场的宝妈、寻求副业的中年人，平均年龄不到50岁。两个月的系统培训，由医院医生和资深志愿者授课：医院架构、科室分布、挂号应急、急救技能、心理沟通——全是实打实的内容。

C | 学员们拿到的“绿色小本本”，是培训并考试通过后颁发的培训合格证。它不只是一张纸，更是对陪诊师基础能力的一份认定。“上海、杭州都在推行规范化陪诊，但市面上很多人没有培训就接单，乱得很。”二十出头的郑博文是灵活就业者，这次拿证让他觉得“有了底气”。焦晋平陪周大伯就诊那天，他全程随同学习，亲眼看着老人从进门时的紧张到看完病的轻松，“那一刻我懂了，陪诊需要的不只是跑腿干活，更是给人安心——做患者最靠谱的 ‘临时家人’。

D | ”学员邓女士是位三年级孩子的母亲，长期在家带娃照顾老人，一度与社会脱节。常跑医院的经历让她见惯了老人和孩子的不便，“市场需求大，这活儿能干到五十多岁。”一个老社区如何破题？人选定了，价格仍是难题。

E | 记者搜寻互联网平台发现，陪诊服务按小时或按次收费，一个下午陪诊收费普遍在200元至500元之间。

F | 小营巷选择“双轨并行”。

G | 曹琛解释：一类是失独孤寡老人，费用由社区公益兜底，完全免费；另一类是普通老人，子女忙、住得远，偶尔需要陪诊，社区提供低偿服务，单次仅100元至150元，远低于市场价。

H | 而且每次服务从上门登记、就诊陪同到事后回访，全链条留痕可查。但比价格更深层的问题是：服务能否持续？曹琛心里装着一套清晰的运转逻辑：所有持证陪诊师纳入社区银龄服务中心平台管理，平台接单，低偿收入一部分归陪诊师，一部分反哺中心运营，用于覆盖孤寡老人的免费陪诊成本。接的单越多，反哺池子越满，能兜底的人就越多。但她也坦言，目前这套模式尚在试行阶段。

I | “我们希望通过一段时间的实际运营，积累真实的接单量、成本结构和反哺数据，再根据情况做动态调整。理想的模式不可能一步到位，得边做边摸索，在公益和低偿之间找到最稳的平衡点。”周大伯是最早享受到免费陪诊服务的老人之一。他盼望这项服务能一直办下去，越做越好——“希望每一位老同志、老病号，都能得到这样一份陪伴”。

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